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MedTech Outlook | Friday, July 22, 2022
A recent surge in using biomolecules as carrier systems led to the development of biomolecule-based nanoparticles (NPs) for cancer treatment.
FREMONT, CA: Site-specific drug targeting improves a drug's bioavailability at a target receptor site, and conjugating drug molecules with polymer macromolecules could help. To that end, only a few previous studies reported the combination of hyaluronan with Plasma Cell Leukemia and prohibitin, implying that creating such polymer-based therapeutic agents can protect drug molecules from enzymatic or chemical degradation, thereby improving their physicochemical stability. Such polymer-based therapeutic agents in nanoformulation could be potential carrier systems in cancer treatment to improve target specificity in drug release and subsequent cellular absorption. PCL's high solubility and biocompatibility make it ideal for drug encapsulation. PCL could be used for colon-specific drug encapsulation due to its degradation by microbial esterase and lipase. Furthermore, modifying the surface of Nano Particles with ligands and PCL can improve drug delivery to cells. PCL's hydrophobicity makes it ideal for transporting hydrophobic chemotherapeutics such as biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) class II and IV drugs. Epirubicin Cisplatin Fluorouracil could improve drug delivery and bioavailability at the target site by encapsulating a BSC class II drug. PHB is a biopolymer found in both eukaryotic and bacterial cells. Colorectal cancer treatment can be aided by combining PHB with 5-fluorouracil and cellulose acetate phthalate. Non-immunogenicity, biocompatibility, chemical versatility, biodegradability, and nontoxicity are some of the properties of HA, a naturally occurring mucopolysaccharide. Furthermore, because HA is a non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan, it has a high affinity for CD44-positive colon cancer cells. The two components of HA that interact with overexpressed CDD4 cancer cells are N-acetyl-d-glucosamine and d-glucuronic acid.
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Scanning Electron Microscopy images revealed that ECF-loaded polymeric NPs had a particle size of fewer than 200 nanometers and a polarity dispersity index (PDI) of less than 0.3. Because of the mucopolysaccharide nature of HA, the zeta potential and particle size of HA-ECF-PHB-NPs confirmed that conjugating ECF-loaded polymeric NPs with HA increased the particle size of NPs. Due to the physical flexibility of PCL, PHB-conjugated ECF-loaded polymeric NPs had a particle size (162.324.52 nanometers) greater than PCL conjugated counterparts (157.566.78 nanometers). The polymer's nature, the researchers discovered, had a significant impact on drug entrapment efficiency and drug loading. The molecular mass of the polymer had a significant impact on yield, drug loading capacity, and entrapment efficiency. Because of the higher molecular weight of HA (3x106 gramme per mole), the NPs were rigid, allowing for high drug entrapment and drug loading efficiency in HA-ECF-PCL-NPs and HA-ECF-PHB-NPs. Because of the electrostatic interaction between polymers and ECF, the latter showed the greatest adsorption on the polymer surface.
Finally, the researchers developed HA-coated ECF polymeric NPs (HA-ECF-PHB-NPs and HA-ECF-PCL-NPs) to treat colorectal cancer. HA-ECF-PHB-NPs was chosen as the best formulation due to their advantageous properties such as appropriate particle size, entrapment efficiency, sustained ECF release, biocompatibility, and excellent pharmacokinetic profile. The biocompatibility of prepared NPs was confirmed by performing a hemolysis test and evaluating the erythrocyte's membrane integrity. The rougher surface of the NPs observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis suggested vector conjugation.
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