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MedTech Outlook | Thursday, April 14, 2022
The process of drug delivery started with the mechanism to enhance the role of therapy in the clinical industry
FORMAT CA: Drug development was started with four main drug-release mechanisms:
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1. Dissolution-control
2. Diffusion-control
3. Osmotic-pressure control
4. Ion-exchange control
Between 1950 and 1980, the first generation of drug development highlighted how drugs are released by using the above mechanism. The drug development processes were mechanised by the regulatory bodies with the approval of Spansule (Smith, Kline, and French Laboratories). Later, the other mechanisms were investigated, but only for most commercial products between the 1950s and 1980s. The drug release mechanisms were based on dissolution or diffusion-control or a mixture of the two products whereas, the delivery systems are mainly employed for oral or transdermal administration of therapeutic products.
Moving over to injectables, the first long-acting formulation was approved in 1989 by the FDA, which led to the formation of the second generation of drug delivery. Later, the poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticle formulation, an injectable depot formulation, was designed initially to deliver peptide and protein drugs for a month. The duration of the drug was expanded to a period of six months with some ratio and molecular weight adjustment. As a result of the formulation of PLGA polymers, approvals of all polymer-based long-acting injectable formulations have been based on PLGA. Another important second-generation development of drug delivery is the process of connecting poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to protein molecules-PEGylation.
Through this process, protein molecules can stay in the systemic circulation for longer. The potential limitation of protein molecules was released in subsequent studies where antibodies were produced in the body against the PEG molecules, which led to accelerated blood clearance. However, a greater understanding of PEGylation is required to enhance this process to use it more effectively. Specifically, lipid nanoparticles containing PEGylated lipid, which has been essential in the messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines, are used against COVID-19–a development that has allowed research into the field of lipid nanoparticles.
Nanoparticle delivery systems offer effective healthcare, especially for brain diseases. In substance use disorder (SUD), many therapeutic targets have been identified in preclinical studies, yet only a few of these research have been translated into effective clinical treatments. The lack of success is due to the significant challenges faced in delivering novel therapies to specific brain cells. Hence, it also highlights the example of promising strategies and future directions of nano carrier-based treatment for SUD.
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