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MedTech Outlook | Thursday, February 17, 2022
Drug delivery systems have facilitated the creation of numerous pharmaceutical treatments that benefit patient health by improving therapeutic delivery to the target location, decreasing off-target accumulation, and facilitating patient compliance
FREMONT, CA: Drug delivery techniques have made a significant contribution to converting prospective medicines into viable therapies. As the therapeutic landscape developed, delivery tactics and technologies adapted fast to meet evolving drug delivery requirements. Small-molecule medicines were the major class of therapeutics a few decades ago. Since the delivery of small molecules is largely determined by their physicochemical properties, which significantly impact the drugs' bio availabilities, delivery efforts initially focused on increasing the drugs' solubility, controlling their release, broadening their activity, and adjusting their pharmacokinetics (PKs). Over time, new treatments have emerged, including proteins and peptides, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), nucleic acids, and live cells.
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There are three fundamental paradigms for drug delivery that apply to all therapeutic classes: drug modification, microenvironmental alteration, and drug delivery methods.
Drug modifications: Chemical modifications to a drug's structure such as functional groups, amino acids, or nucleic acid backbones and conjugation to recognized moieties or targeted ligands are considered modifications. Interactions between the drug and body molecules, cells, and tissues must be modulated, as must those between the drug and its intended site of action, allowing for some control over how the drug travels through and is processed in the body, from initial administration to the time it performs its desired function. Drug changes have been employed to enhance the delivery of all therapeutic classes.
Microenvironmental alteration: Environmental modification can take various forms, ranging from highly targeted modifications at the site of action to adjuvants that are systemically delivered and alter the host environment. Environmental alterations collectively represent a wide medication delivery method that enables the circumvention of biological barriers. Microenvironment modulators can also change physiological fluids or mechanical processes that interfere with drug activity.
Drug delivery methods: Modifications to the drug and its microenvironment can regulate and optimize the drug's activity. By establishing an interface between the drug and its milieu, drug delivery devices can combine these two methodologies. The early years of contemporary drug delivery established that adjusting a drug's rate of release in the body can vary its PK properties, most notably its biodistribution, half-life, total drug exposure over time, and maximum serum concentration. Although dose, frequency, and infusion rates all affect these parameters, the introduction of controlled-release delivery devices provided a greater degree of control. These systems included hydrogels and polymeric implants based on the four controlled release mechanisms of dissolution, diffusion, osmosis, and ion exchange, as well as microparticles and nanoparticles that enable surface modification to increase drug half-life and tissue targeting via specific interactions with the microenvironment.
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