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MedTech Outlook | Wednesday, April 12, 2023
Cognitive enhancers raise several neuroethical concerns that must be carefully considered to ensure that individuals are not harmed and that society benefits from any potential advantages.
FREMONT, CA: Cognitive enhancement refers to the use of drugs, devices, or other interventions to improve cognitive functioning beyond what is considered typical for an individual. As this practice becomes more widespread, it raises several neuroethical concerns.
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Cognitive enhancement involves methods, such as electronic devices, that affect an individual’s normal cognitive abilities, improving various aspects like memory, attention, creativity, and executive functions. Neurocognitive enhancement involves the use of drugs and technologies that directly enhance a person’s cognitive abilities and mood within the brain. The unique aspect of this technique is its automaticity, with the individuals being unaware of the process, which could lead to dependence and passivity.
Neurocognitive enhancement typically entails using drugs that are meant for treating psychiatric or neurological conditions off-label to produce non-therapeutic effects on healthy individuals.
Non-invasive brain stimulation techniques–particularly transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) that alters neural activity–can enhance certain cognitive functions. The future of neuroenhancement coils involves brain-machine interfaces, brain prostheses, and implants. However, genetic engineering techniques allow for substantial and long-lasting improvements to the cognitive abilities of treated individuals.
In the future, there will be two main ethical concerns concerning neurocognitive enhancement. Primarily, these methods may be seen as disrespectful to human dignity and nature as they could lead to inauthenticity, cheating, and an unhealthy obsession with perfection. As more people demonstrate the potential benefits of cognitive enhancement, others may feel pressurised to do the same.
The secondary ethical issue related to neurocognitive enhancement concerns the tension between the two commonly held principles in society, individuals' freedom and equality. However, cognitive enhancement may be viewed as a way for individuals to exercise their freedom, but it may conflict with the principle of equality. Competition is exclusively crucial for upward mobility, and this emphasises individual performance and abilities. As a result, the cognitive enhancement could lead to individuals gaining positional benefits by improving their social and economic status compared to others. There is a potential scenario that has to be fully examined, which involves the intersection of cognitive capitalism and cognitive neuro-enhancement.
Cognitive ability, particularly of an intellectual class with high cognitive ability and achievements in science, technology, engineering, and math, is crucial for countries' national wealth. Scientific and technological innovations on a global scale, coupled with the increasing complexity of society, are accelerating and will require greater cognitive skills to manage issues such as climate change and the depletion of natural resources. European societies are experiencing ageing populations with fewer births and longer life expectancies, leading to a decline in fluid intelligence and a reduced capacity for innovation. Additionally, highly educated and intellectually capable individuals tend to have fewer children, exacerbating this trend.
Neurocognitive enhancement proves to be safer and ineffective, it is quicker and easier to administer to a larger percentage of the population compared to traditional methods since it does not require as much conscious and prolonged effort from the individual. If there is a significant decline in the cognitive abilities of society as a whole, neurocognitive enhancement is the most viable alternative. This rises ethical concerns, and there could be pressure to promote and spread this form of enhancement even to those who would not seek it out on their own.
Cognitive enhancement and the threat of inequality examine the common worry that human enhancement will exacerbate inequality and considers whether banning cognitive enhancement is the best way to prevent this outcome.
Cognitive enhancement is a rapidly developing field that poses several neuroethical concerns. Enhancing cognitive abilities leads to numerous benefits, such as improved work productivity, better educational outcomes, and greater personal fulfilment. However, cognitive enhancement also raises concerns about the ethical implications of using technology to alter human abilities and the potential for unequal access to these technologies. Additionally, there are concerns about the impact of cognitive enhancement on human dignity, authenticity, and cheating behaviour.
Ultimately, the neuroethical concerns surrounding cognitive enhancement require careful consideration and dialogue among stakeholders, including researchers, policymakers, ethicists, and the general public. By engaging in these discussions and developing thoughtful and well-informed approaches to cognitive enhancement, we can strive to ensure that this emerging field is used in ways that are beneficial, equitable, and ethically responsible.
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